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Arthur Stewart "Art" Farmer (August 21, 1928 – October 4, 1999) was an American jazz trumpeter and flugelhorn player. He also played flumpet, a trumpet–flugelhorn combination specially designed for him. He and his identical twin brother, double bassist Addison Farmer, started playing professionally while in high school. Art gained greater attention after the release of a recording of his composition "Farmer's Market" in 1952. He subsequently moved from Los Angeles to New York, where he performed and recorded with musicians such as Horace Silver, Sonny Rollins, and Gigi Gryce and became known principally as a bebop player. As Farmer's reputation grew, he expanded from bebop into more experimental forms through working with composers such as George Russell and Teddy Charles. He went on to join Gerry Mulligan's quartet and, with Benny Golson, to co-found the Jazztet. Continuing to develop his own sound, Farmer switched from trumpet to the warmer flugelhorn in the early 1960s, and he helped to establish the flugelhorn as a soloist's instrument in jazz.〔Feather, Leonard (March 30, 1990) ("Jazz Review: Art Farmer's Fluegelhorn of Plenty" ). ''Los Angeles Times''.〕 He settled in Europe in 1968 and continued to tour internationally until his death. Farmer recorded more than 50 albums under his own name, a dozen with the Jazztet, and dozens more with other leaders. His playing is known for its individuality – most noticeably, its lyricism, warmth of tone and sensitivity.〔 ==Early life== Art Farmer was born an hour before his twin brother, on August 21, 1928, in Council Bluffs, Iowa, reportedly at 2201 Fourth Avenue.〔〔Ramsey, William E. & Shrier, Betty Dineen (2002) ''Silent Hills Speak: A History of Council Bluffs'' Barnhart Press. Cited in: Longden, Tom ("Art Farmer" ). DesMoinesRegister.com〕 Their parents, James Arthur Farmer and Hazel Stewart Farmer, divorced when the boys were four, and their steelworker father was killed in a work accident not long after this.〔〔 Art moved with his grandfather, grandmother, mother, brother and sister to Phoenix, Arizona when he was still four.〔("Art Farmer: NEA Jazz Master (1999)" ). (June 29–30, 1995) Smithsonian Jazz Oral History Program NEA Jazz Master interview.〕 He started to play the piano while in elementary school, then moved on to bass tuba and violin before settling on cornet and then trumpet at the age of thirteen.〔Bryant, Clora (1998) ''Central Avenue Sounds: Jazz in Los Angeles''. University of California Press.〕 His family was musical: most of them played as a hobby, and one was a professional trombonist. Art's grandfather was a minister in the African Methodist Episcopal Church.〔 This influenced Farmer's first choice of instrument, as his mother played piano for the church choir.〔 The bass tuba was for use in a marching band and was Farmer's instrument for a year, until a cornet became available.〔 Phoenix schools were segregated, and no one at Farmer's school could provide useful music lessons. He taught himself to read music and practiced his new main instrument, the trumpet.〔 Farmer and his brother moved to Los Angeles in 1945, attending the music-oriented Jefferson High School, where they got music instruction and met other developing musicians such as Sonny Criss, Ernie Andrews, Big Jay McNeely, and Ed Thigpen.〔 The brothers earned money by working in a cold-storage warehouse〔 and by playing professionally. Art started playing trumpet professionally at the age of 16,〔 performing in the bands of Horace Henderson, Jimmy Mundy, and Floyd Ray, among others.〔〔Rosenthal, David (1993) ''Hard Bop: Jazz and Black Music, 1955–1965''. pp. 85–94. Oxford University Press.〕 These opportunities came about through a combination of his ability and the absence of numerous older musicians, who were still in the armed forces following World War II.〔 Around this time in Los Angeles, there were abundant opportunities for musical development, according to Farmer: "During the day you would go to somebody's house and play. At night there were after-hours clubs () anybody who wanted to play was free to come up and play".〔Berliner, Paul F. (2009) ''Thinking in Jazz: The Infinite Art of Improvisation''. University of Chicago Press.〕 Farmer left high school early but persuaded the principal to give him a diploma, which he did not collect until a visit to the school in 1958.〔 At this time, as an adolescent in Los Angeles, bebop and the swing era big bands both attracted Farmer's attention.〔 Decades later, he stated that, at that time, "I knew I had to be in jazz. Two things decided me – the sound of a trumpet section in a big band and hearing a jam session".〔 Farmer's trumpet influences in the 1940s were Dizzy Gillespie, Miles Davis and Fats Navarro, but, in his own words, "then I heard Freddie Webster, and I loved his sound. I decided to work on sound because it seemed like most of the guys my age were just working on speed".〔Robinson, Greg (October 1994) "Art Farmer: Playing It Right". ''JazzTimes''. pp. 47–48, 53.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Art Farmer」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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